MANAGE DIRECTORIES
pwd: print name of current/working directory
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.24.13-1024x101.png)
ls: list directory contents
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.26.29-1024x122.png)
mkdir ‘directory name’: make directories
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.29.44-1024x227.png)
mkdir -p ‘directories names’: make parent directories as needed
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.30.57-1024x311.png)
rmdir: remove empty directory
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.42.41-1024x224.png)
rmdir -p ‘name of directories’: remove directory and its ancestors
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.48.36-1024x339.png)
rm -rf: remove a directory not empty
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.52.13-1024x391.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-22.53.20-1024x390.png)
MANAGE FILES
file: determine file type
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.05.30-1024x286.png)
touch ‘file name’: change file timestamps. In case of file not existing, system will create an empty file
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.14.36-1024x415.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.14.58-1024x214.png)
rm: remove files or directories
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.19.14-1024x215.png)
rm -i: prompt once before removing files
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.19.43-1024x246.png)
rm ‘*.file extension’: remove all files with the specified extension
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.20.35-1024x193.png)
rm ‘file1 file2 …’: remove files
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.21.14-1024x190.png)
cp: copy files and directories
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.43.20-1024x215.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.44.28-1024x316.png)
mv: move (rename) file
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.48.41-1024x221.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.51.33-1024x374.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.52.45-1024x292.png)
head ‘file name’: output the first part of file (10 lines by default)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.58.18-1024x397.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-12-at-23.59.21-1024x193.png)
tail ‘file name’: output the last part of files (10 lines by default)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.02.10-1024x368.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.02.31-1024x243.png)
cat: concatenate files and print on the standard output
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.07.16-1024x664.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.11.07-1024x521.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.12.31-1024x643.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.16.03-1024x544.png)
echo ‘text’: display a line of text
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.19.05-1024x294.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.20.10-1024x321.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.21.24-1024x266.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.22.41-1024x289.png)
SYSTEM INFORMATION
uptime: tell how long the system has been running
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.25.28-1024x93.png)
free: display amount of free and used memory in the system
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.26.40-1024x135.png)
ps -e: report a snapshot of the current processes
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.27.46-1024x669.png)
df -h: report file system disk space usage
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.29.57-1024x568.png)
top: display Linux processes
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.34.30-1024x663.png)
htop: interactive process viewer
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.35.15-1024x661.png)
NETWORKING
ifconfig: configure a network interface
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.40.51-1024x651.png)
ping: send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.42.25-1024x289.png)
MISCELLANEOUS
sudo apt update: download package information from all configured sources
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.45.35-1024x661.png)
sudo apt upgrade: install the new packages
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.47.04-1024x662.png)
nano: editor
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.49.38-1024x146.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.49.48-1024x666.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.50.11-1024x272.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.50.36-1024x316.png)
man: show the ‘Manual pages’ for Linux commands
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.53.39-1024x71.png)
![](https://www.zoneofdevelopment.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Screenshot-2022-04-13-at-00.53.48-1024x664.png)